Surgery for Cancer in the Rectum

Surgery for cancer in the rectum depends on where the tumour is located, how far it has grown, whether the bowel can be rejoined and whether nearby tissues are affected. Rectal cancer surgery can be complex because the rectum is close to the bladder, sexual organs, nerves and pelvic muscles.

This article is for general information only. Your surgeon and oncology team can explain the most suitable treatment plan for your own diagnosis.

How Rectal Cancer Surgery Is Planned

Before surgery, doctors may use colonoscopy, MRI, CT scans, blood tests or other assessments to understand the cancer’s location and stage. Some people may need radiation therapy or chemotherapy before surgery.

NCI lists rectal cancer treatment options as surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and active surveillance in selected situations. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}

Anterior Resection

An anterior resection may be used for some rectal cancers when the cancer can be removed and the bowel can be rejoined. In some cases, a temporary stoma may be created to allow healing.

Your surgeon can explain whether a stoma is likely and whether reversal may be possible later.

Abdominoperineal Resection

An abdominoperineal resection may be needed when the cancer is very low in the rectum or close to the anal sphincter muscles. This operation usually involves removing the anus and rectum and creating a permanent colostomy.

If this is recommended, ask your healthcare team to explain the operation, recovery and stoma care clearly.

Local Excision for Early Rectal Cancer

For selected very early rectal cancers, local excision may be possible. This removes the tumour from inside the rectum without a major abdominal operation.

This approach is only suitable for certain cases and requires careful specialist assessment.

Possible Side Effects

Rectal cancer surgery may cause bowel changes, bladder changes, sexual function changes, pain, fatigue or the need for a stoma. Some effects improve over time, while others may need support.

For related reading, visit our Side Effects of Bowel Surgery and Sexuality After Bowel Cancer Treatment articles.

Support Before and After Surgery

If a stoma is possible, a stoma nurse may meet you before surgery. They can help with preparation, appliance education and emotional support.

Read our Having a Stoma guide for more information.

Final Thoughts

Surgery for cancer in the rectum is planned carefully because the rectum is located in a complex area of the body. Ask your surgeon about the goal of surgery, possible side effects, stoma risk and follow-up plan.