Risks of Bowel Surgery

Bowel surgery can be an important treatment for bowel cancer, but like all major operations, it has possible risks and complications. The level of risk depends on the type of surgery, cancer location, general health, age, previous treatments and whether the surgery is planned or urgent.

This article is for general information only. Your surgeon and healthcare team can explain the risks that apply to your own situation.

Common Surgical Risks

Possible risks after bowel surgery can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, pain, wound problems, bowel changes, tiredness and reactions to anaesthetic. Some people may also need extra treatment or a longer hospital stay if complications happen.

Before surgery, ask your surgeon what risks are most relevant to you and what signs should be reported urgently.

Anastomotic Leak

If two ends of the bowel are joined together during surgery, the join is called an anastomosis. In some cases, this join can leak. This is a serious complication that may need antibiotics, drainage or another operation.

Your surgeon can explain whether your operation involves a bowel join and what is done to reduce risk.

Stoma Risk

Some people need a temporary or permanent stoma after bowel surgery. A stoma may be planned before surgery or created during surgery if it is needed for safety.

For more information, read our Having a Stoma and Types of Stoma guides.

Bowel and Bladder Changes

After surgery, bowel habits may change. Some people may have diarrhoea, constipation, urgency, wind or difficulty controlling bowel movements. Surgery near the pelvis may also affect bladder or sexual function in some cases.

You can read more in our Side Effects of Bowel Surgery and Managing Bowel and Dietary Changes articles.

Reducing Risk Before Surgery

Your healthcare team may recommend steps before surgery, such as improving nutrition, managing anaemia, stopping smoking, controlling other medical conditions or increasing gentle activity if safe.

Follow your team’s instructions carefully before and after the operation.

When to Seek Urgent Help

After surgery, seek urgent medical advice if you have fever, worsening abdominal pain, heavy bleeding, severe diarrhoea, vomiting, chest pain, shortness of breath, wound redness, swelling or discharge.

Final Thoughts

Risks of bowel surgery should be discussed clearly before the operation. Ask questions, understand the warning signs and keep follow-up appointments so your recovery can be monitored safely.

For appointment preparation, visit our Bowel Cancer Questions to Ask Your Doctor article.